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Seagrasses are marine angiosperms that form highly productive and diverse ecosystems. These ecosystems, however, are declining worldwide. Plant-associated microbes affect critical functions like nutrient uptake and pathogen resistance, which has led to an interest in the seagrass microbiome. However, despite their significant role in plant ecology, viruses have only recently garnered attention in seagrass species. In this study, we produced original data and mined publicly available transcriptomes to advance our understanding of RNA viral diversity inZostera marina,Zostera muelleri,Zostera japonica, andCymodocea nodosa. InZ.marina, we present evidence for additional Zostera marina amalgavirus 1 and 2 genotypes, and a complete genome for an alphaendornavirus previously evidenced by an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene fragment. InZ.muelleri, we present evidence for a second complete alphaendornavirus and near complete furovirus. Both are novel, and, to the best of our knowledge, this marks the first report of a furovirus infection naturally occurring outside of cereal grasses. InZ.japonica, we discovered genome fragments that belong to a novel strain of cucumber mosaic virus, a prolific pathogen that depends largely on aphid vectoring for host-to-host transmission. Lastly, inC.nodosa, we discovered two contigs that belong to a novel virus in the familyBetaflexiviridae. These findings expand our knowledge of viral diversity in seagrasses and provide insight into seagrass viral ecology. 

Flaviviruses cause some of the most detrimental vertebrate diseases, yet little is known of their impacts on invertebrates. Microbial activities at the animal-water interface are hypothesized to influence viral replication and possibly contribute to pathology of echinoderm wasting diseases due to hypoxic stress. We assessed the impacts of enhanced microbial production and suboxic stress onApostichopus californicusassociated flavivirus (PcaFV) load in a mesocosm experiment. Organic matter amendment and suboxic stress resulted in lower PcaFV load, which also correlated negatively with animal mass loss and microbial activity at the animal-water interface. These data suggest that PcaFV replication and persistence was best supported in healthier specimens. Our results do not support the hypothesis that suboxic stress or microbial activity promote PcaFV replication, but rather that PcaFV appears to be a neutral or beneficial symbiont ofApostichopus californicus. 

Sea star wasting (SSW) disease describes a condition affecting asteroids that resulted in significant Northeastern Pacific population decline following a mass mortality event in 2013. The etiology of SSW is unresolved. We hypothesized that SSW is a sequela of microbial organic matter remineralization near respiratory surfaces, one consequence of which may be limited O 2 availability at the animal-water interface. Microbial assemblages inhabiting tissues and at the asteroid-water interface bore signatures of copiotroph proliferation before SSW onset, followed by the appearance of putatively facultative and strictly anaerobic taxa at the time of lesion genesis and as animals died. SSW lesions were induced in Pisaster ochraceus by enrichment with a variety of organic matter (OM) sources. These results together illustrate that depleted O 2 conditions at the animal-water interface may be established by heterotrophic microbial activity in response to organic matter loading. SSW was also induced by modestly (∼39%) depleted O 2 conditions in aquaria, suggesting that small perturbations in dissolved O 2 may exacerbate the condition. SSW susceptibility between species was significantly and positively correlated with surface rugosity, a key determinant of diffusive boundary layer thickness. Tissues of SSW-affected individuals collected in 2013–2014 bore δ 15 N signatures reflecting anaerobic processes, which suggests that this phenomenon may have affected asteroids during mass mortality at the time. The impacts of enhanced microbial activity and subsequent O 2 diffusion limitation may be more pronounced under higher temperatures due to lower O 2 solubility, in more rugose asteroid species due to restricted hydrodynamic flow, and in larger specimens due to their lower surface area to volume ratios which affects diffusive respiratory potential.